The European Paper Wasp (Polistes dominulus) belongs to the subfamily Polistinae (paper wasps).
They can be recognized by the way they fly: the legs hang obliquely downwards, unlike most other wasps that fold the legs under the body in flight.
The European Paper Wasp can easily be confused with Polistes biglumis.
However, Polistes biglumis can be recognized by its almost completely black antennae.
In the European Paper Wasp these are orange-red.

1st, 2nd & 3rd photo: Paul de Arzila Nature Reserve, Coimbra, Portugal, 10 June 2023
4th photo: In the garden of B&B Granja da Cabrita, Coimbra, Portugal, 11 June 2023